Watt (W):
Wafer: A single crystal or ingot is sliced into a thin sheet of semiconductor (photovoltaic material).
Refrigeration/freezer units that are large enough to walk into within a structure are known as walk-in refrigeration units. They might be temporary or permanent, such as in a butcher shop’s meat storage locker. A door, plastic strips, or other flexible covers may or may not be present in walk-in units.
Insulating materials within or on the walls between heated and unheated portions of the building, or to the outside. Air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned areas may be separated by walls.
Warranty contracts are natural gas purchase agreements in which the producer guarantees that adequate gas supplies will be available to meet the pipeline company’s commitments for the duration of the contract. In most cases, the producer does not commit to the agreement any gas reserves underlying any specific land, lease, or field. Depending on the contract’s terms, multiple sources of gas supply may be allowed to be substituted. Warranty contracts may differ from the above due to their terms.
Waste coal is usable coal that has been left over from prior coal processing operations.
Waste coal is typically made up of a mixture of coal, soil, and rock (mine waste).
In unconventional fluidized-bed combustors, the majority of waste coal is burned in its natural state.
Waste coal can be partially cleaned for some applications by eliminating noncombustible elements.
Fine coal, coal obtained from a refuse bank or slurry dam, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, and lignite waste are all examples of waste coal.
Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, methane, digester gas, liquid acetonitrile waste, tall oil, waste alcohol, medical waste, paper pellets, sludge waste, solid byproducts, tires, agricultural byproducts, closed loop biomass, fish oil, and straw used as fuel are all examples of waste energy sources.
A boiler that obtains all or a significant portion of its energy intake from combustible exhaust gases from a separate fuel-burning process is known as a waste heat boiler.
Waste heat recovery: Any conservation system that actively captures byproduct heat that would otherwise be discharged into the environment to provide some space or water heating. Refrigeration/air-conditioning compressors, industrial or other activities, computer processing centers, lighting fixtures, ventilation exhaust air, and the inhabitants themselves are all sources of water-heat recovery in commercial buildings. When there are no special mechanisms for collecting and transferring heat, the passive use of radiant heat from lighting, workers, motors, ovens, and other sources is not to be considered.
Waste materials: Normally discarded flammable materials that provide energy when burned for applications such as space heating and electric power generation. Shredders, grinders, and hammermills can all be used to reduce the size of garbage. If there are any noncombustible materials, they should be eliminated. Drying the trash and then burning it, either alone or in combination with fossil fuels, is one option.
Waste oils and tar are petroleum-based compounds that have no value other than as fuel.
Domestic and commercial wastewater: Wastewater (sewage) produced by households and businesses.
A water bed heater is an item that employs an electric resistance coil to keep the water in a water bed at a pleasant temperature.
Water conditions: The status of the water supply and associated water in hydroelectric plant pondage and reservoirs.
Furnace-heated water: Some furnaces heat the house as well as supply hot water. A coil that is part of the furnace heats the water. There is no separate tank for hot water.
Water heater: A thermally insulated, autonomously controlled vessel for heating and storing hot water at temperatures below 180 degrees Fahrenheit.
Water heater DSM programs: These are demand-side management (DSM) programs, such as water heater insulation wraps, that are aimed to encourage increased efficiency in water heating.
Water heating equipment is thermostatically regulated, thermally insulated equipment that is used to heat and store heated water at temperatures below 180 degrees Fahrenheit for uses other than space heating.
Water pollution abatement equipment is used to reduce or eliminate pollutants found in water, such as chlorine, phosphates, acids, bases, hydrocarbons, sewage, and other contaminants. Thermal pollution treatment structures and equipment, as well as cooling, boiler, and cooling tower blowdown water, coal pile runoff, and fly ash waste water, are examples of water pollution abatement structures and equipment. Water pollution abatement does not include costs associated with water treatment prior to usage at the facility.
Photovoltaic modules/cells for water pumping are used in agricultural, land reclamation, commercial, and other similar applications where water pumping is the primary function.
A large inland body of water collected and held above ground in a natural or artificial formation is referred to as a water reservoir.
The fraction of water in a given pore space expressed in volume per volume or as a percentage of the pore space is known as water saturation.
A form of (geothermal) heat pump that uses either well (ground) or surface water as a heat source. Water maintains a more consistent temperature throughout the year than air, making it a more efficient heat source.
Water turbine: A turbine that rotates its blades using water pressure; the Pelton wheel is used for high heads (pressure), the Francis turbine is used for low to medium heads, and the Kaplan is used for a wide range of heads. Primarily used to supply electricity to a generator.
Water vapor is a vaporous form of water that occurs when the temperature is below boiling and it is diffused (e.g., in the atmosphere).
A water well is one that is drilled to obtain a water supply to support drilling or plant operations, or to obtain a water supply to be utilized in conjunction with an improved recovery program.
A water wheel is a type of wheel that is meant to be turned by the weight and/or force of moving water, usually to move machinery or grind grain.
A river, channel, canal, or other navigable body of water utilized for transit or transportation is referred to as a waterway.
The watt (W) is a unit of electrical power equal to one ampere at one volt pressure. 1/746 horse power is equal to a Watt.
Watthour (Wh): An electrical energy unit equivalent to one watt of power continuously delivered to or extracted from an electric circuit for one hour.
Wax is a solid or semi-solid material made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons acquired or generated from petroleum fractions or a Fischer-Tropsch type process, with the straight-chained paraffin series predominating. This covers any marketable wax having a congealing point (ASTM D 938) between 100 and 200 degrees Fahrenheit and a maximum oil content (ASTM D 3235) of 50 weight percent, whether crude or refined.
Weather stripping or caulking: Any of various types of crack-filling substance used to reduce the passage of air and moisture around moving elements of a door or window to the outside. Weather stripping is available in metal, vinyl, or foam rubber strips or rolls that can be used on the inside or outside of a building.
A weir is a dam built in a stream to increase the water level or direct or regulate flow.
A well is a hole dug into the ground for the purpose of:
- locating and extracting crude oil or natural gas; or
- producing services associated to crude or natural gas production
Cooling with well water: A method of cooling that uses water from a well that has been drilled particularly for that purpose. The temperature of the water in the subterranean chamber remains rather consistent. Where water is plentiful, it is possible to obtain 55-degree Fahrenheit water without the use of mechanical cooling. In a water source heat pump, this is typically used for heat rejection.
The point at which petroleum (and/or natural gas) leaves the ground is known as the wellhead. Despite the fact that the cost and volume are now routinely measured at the lease border, the amount and price for crude oil production are designated as “wellhead.” The term “wellhead” is a generic phrase used to refer to the production site or lease property in the context of domestic crude price data.
The price at the well’s mouth is known as the wellhead price. The wellhead price is often defined as the sales price obtained from a third party in an arm’s length transaction. Where applicable, use posted pricing, requested prices, or prices defined by leasing agreements, contracts, or tax requirements.
WTI – Cushing: A oil stream produced in Texas and southern Oklahoma that serves as a benchmark or “marker” for the pricing of a variety of other crude streams and is traded in the domestic spot market at Cushing, Oklahoma.
Slag tanks are frequently built near the furnace throat to retain and remove molten ash in wet bottom boilers.
Wet natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules and trace amounts of non-hydrocarbons found in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in porous rock formations under reservoir conditions. Methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane are the most common hydrocarbons found in the mixture. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and tiny amounts of helium are examples of nonhydrocarbon gases that may be present in reservoir natural gas. Natural gas and its related liquefiable components occur in a single gaseous phase in the reservoir or in solution with crude oil under reservoir conditions, and are not discernible as different substances at the moment. This product is referred to as natural gas by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Financial Accounting Standards Board.
The amount charged by one electrical system to convey the energy of and for another system or systems is known as the wheeling fee.
Wheeling service: The transportation of electricity from one system to another via interconnecting system transmission facilities. Contracts for wheeling service can be made between two or more systems.
White spirit is a highly refined distillate with a boiling point between 150 and 200 degrees Celsius. It’s utilized as a paint solvent as well as for dry cleaning.
A mechanical/electrical device used to remove air from an interior space; commonly positioned in the highest location of a building, in the ceiling, and venting to the attic or directly to the outside.
Wholesale competition: A system in which a power distributor can acquire power from a number of different power producers, and power producers can compete to sell their power to a number of different distribution businesses.
The purchase and sale of electricity from generators to resellers (retailers), as well as the associated services required to ensure dependability and power quality at the transmission level, are all part of the wholesale electric power market.
The acquisition and sale of electricity from generators to resellers (who sell to retail users), as well as the ancillary services required to maintain transmission reliability and power quality.
The rack sales price charged for No. 2 heating oil; that is, the price charged to customers who purchase No. 2 heating oil free-on-board at a supplier’s terminal and transport the goods themselves.
Energy delivered to other electric utilities, cooperatives, municipalities, and federal and state electric agencies for resale to final consumers is known as wholesale sales.
Transmission of electric energy sold or to be sold in the wholesale electric power market is known as wholesale transmission services.
The transmission of electricity from a generator to a utility via the transmission facilities of an intervening system is known as wholesale wheeling.
Wind energy is kinetic energy that can be turned into mechanical energy and used to power pumps, mills, and electric power generators.
The wind energy conversion system (WECS) or device is a device that converts wind energy into electricity.
An instrument for converting wind energy into mechanical energy that can be used to power machinery (grain mills, water pumps), as well as to run an electric generator.
Wind power plant: A system of transformers, distribution lines, and (typically) one substation that connects a collection of wind turbines to a shared utility system. Operation, control, and maintenance functions are frequently centralized via a network of electronic monitoring systems, with visual examination as a backup. This is a word that is often used in the US. It’s known as a generating station in Europe.
Wind turbine: A wind energy conversion device that generates electricity with three blades moving around a horizontal axis and located upwind of the supporting tower.
Fees paid on electricity suppliers or their customers for the usage of transmission or distribution lines are referred to as wires charges.
Round wood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues, charcoal, paper pellets, railroad ties, utility poles, black liquor, red liquor, sludge wood, spent sulfite liquor, densified biomass (which includes wood pellets), and other wood-based solids and liquids are all examples of wood and wood-derived fuels.
Wood to Btu conversion: Converting cords of wood to Btu equivalents is a clumsy process. Because the estimate requires the responder to sum up the use of wood over a 12-month period during which wood may have been added to the supply as well as removed, the number of cords each family claims having burned is exact, even with the more specific drawings provided. Aside from the inherent memory flaws in this assignment, the estimations are vulnerable to difficulties in defining and perceiving what a chord is. The nominal cord provided to a suburban home buyer may differ from the standard cord’s dimensions. Because wood is usually cut in lengths that are longer than a third of a cord (16 inches) and shorter than a half cord (12 inches), this difference is probable (24 inches).
In some circumstances, wood is purchased or cut in unconventional shapes (for example, pickup-truck load, or trunk load). Finally, estimating volume is problematic when the wood is left in a pile rather than piled. Other factors that make estimating the Btu value of the wood burned problematic include the fact that the amount of vacant space between the piled logs might range from 12 to 40% of the volume. The moisture content of dry wood can range from 20% to 50% in green wood. (Because energy is utilized to drive off moisture, moisture diminishes the useful Btu output.) Finally, some tree species have twice the Btu content of the lowest Btu tree species. Hard woods, on average, have a higher Btu value than soft woods. Wood is converted to Btu at a rate of 20 million Btu per cord, which is an average that accounts for all of these elements. Conversion factors for Btu are also available.
Round wood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark, saw dust, forest wastes, charcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping liquor are all examples of wood energy.
Sawdust compacted into pellets of uniform diameter to be burned in a heating burner.
Working gas is the natural gas that is present in the reservoir in addition to the cushion or base gas. During any given withdrawal season, it may or may not be totally withdrawn. The complete working capacity could be employed more than once during any season, depending on the conditions. Thousands of cubic feet of working gas are stated at standard temperature and pressure.
Working gas capacity refers to the portion of total natural gas storage capacity that can be used to store natural gas for withdrawal.
Working interest: A mineral property interest that entitles the owner to the entirety of the mineral production from the property, usually subject to a royalty. A working interest in a property allows the owner to investigate, develop, and operate it. In exchange for bearing the costs of exploration, development, and operation of the property, the working-interest owner is entitled to a part of the mineral production or revenues from the property. It can be transferred in whole or in part to another person, or divided into various special property interests.
- Working interest is high. The working interest of the reporting company plus a proportionate share of any basic or overriding royalty interest associated to the working interest.
- Net working interest is a term that refers to the amount of money The working interest of the reporting corporation does not include any basic or overriding royalty interests.
The volume difference between the maximum safe fill capacity and the quantity below which pump suction is inefficient is known as working storage capacity (bottoms).
What exactly is a wheeling fee?
To begin, a wheeling charge is the fee that power network customers pay to transmission asset owners and operators in exchange for the usage of their assets. To guarantee that a power network is fit for purpose, it is necessary to implement a wheeling charge that protects asset owners’ investments while providing the greatest deal to energy customers.
What does the term “wheeling” mean in the context of electricity?
Wheeling is the movement of electric energy (megawatt-hours) from within an electrical grid to an electrical load beyond the grid borders in electric power transmission. There are two forms of wheeling: 1) a wheel-through, in which the electrical power generation and load are both outside the transmission system’s borders, and 2) a wheel-out, in which the generation resource is inside the transmission system’s boundaries but the load is outside. The scheduling of energy transfers from one Balancing Authority (Balancing Authority, Tie Facility, and Interconnection) to another is known as wheeling. Because the transmission of electric energy necessitates the use of a transmission system, transmission owners are frequently charged a fee. It refers to the process of transmitting electricity over transmission lines in a more basic sense.
What is the meaning of a wheeling agreement?
An arrangement for the conveyance of electric energy from a source linked to an electric grid to an electric load within the grid is known as a wheeling agreement.
What is the difference between wheeling and banking?
In some markets, a generator can practically bank electricity for consumption by an end consumer at a later time when it is wheeling electricity. The bank is not a physical energy storage facility, but rather an accounting system that allows energy to be virtually banked.
What are India’s wheeling fees?
The charges for the use of a Distribution Licensee’s Distribution System and associated facilities by another person for the conveyance of electricity, as determined under Section 62 of the Act.
Which company is in charge of the power wheel?
The 330kV Switching Station in the Essien Udim/Ikot Ekpene local government area (LGA) of Awka Ibom State has been commissioned by the Niger Delta Power Holding Company Limited (NDPHC), the proprietors of the National Integrated Power Project (NIPP).
The Minister of Power, Works, and Housing, Babatunde Raji Fashola, said the switchyard project included three double circuit lines spanning 287 kilometers that will energize the Ikot Ekpene-Calabar, Ikot Ekpene-Alaoji, and Ikot-Ekpene-Ugwuaji Transmission Lines.
Fashola, who stated that the initiative is intended to increase transmission grid capacity, went on to say that the construction of the switching station is proof that transmission capacity is not static at 5000 megawatts (MW), as has been speculated.
According to the Minister, the Eastern Region’s power plants have a combined capacity of 1,846MW, with Calabar 561MW, Alaoji 450MW, Ibom Power 185MW, and Afam VI 650MW. He had stated that the first three power plants were producing 100MW apiece and Afam VI was producing 300MW, for a total of 600MW.
He went on to say that with the commissioning of the Ikot Ekpene Switching Station, there will be incremental production until full capacity is available, which will provide an additional 1,246MW to the grid, and he praised the NDPHC team’s management for a job well done.
“You have heard the narrative of stranded power,” Fashola remarked, referring to the constraints of gas supply and transmission. That is the power that exists because the plant exists but does not have any gas. True, and the government is striving to make gas more accessible to plants like Calabar, where the Vice-President spearheaded the signing of a guarantee deal to ensure gas supply.
“The other side of stranded electricity is plants that are unable to produce at full capacity due to a lack of transmission lines to transport the power to DisCos for sale to customers.” Calabar, Alaoji Power Plant, Ibom Power Plant, and Afam VI Power Plant all come within this group.
“What this implies is that we’re focused on advancing our core and short-term aim of obtaining incremental electricity everywhere and everywhere, and we’re committed to meeting Mr. President’s short-term target.”
Chiedu UgboUgbo, NDPHC’s Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, also spoke, listing the components of the facilities that were commissioned:
To evacuate power from the NIPP Alaoji Power Plant, a 35-kilometer 330-kV double-circuit line from Alaoji Substation to Ikot-Ekpene Substation was built.
To evacuate power from the NIPP Calabar Power Plant, a 70.3-kilometer 330-kV double-circuit line was built from Calabar to Ikot Ekpene.
162 km of 330kV double-circuit line to evacuate all electricity from Ikot Ekpene switching station to the grid at Ugwuaji, and
the Ikot Ekpene 330kV Switching Station, with 12 circuits, would function as the major switching hub for accepting generated power from four generating locations: Alaoji, Afam, Calabar, and Ikot-Abasi.
The Switching Station, according to Ugbo, will route all of the power to the grid via the 330kV Double Circuit lines to Ugwuaji, New Haven, and the rest of the grid connecting Makurdi and Jos in the country’s north central zone.
The projects began in 2006, but were delayed owing to NIPP funding interruptions in 2008, as well as various community and way leave difficulties, some of which resulted in lengthy court battles, but the Federal Government’s intervention opened the way for the project’s completion and commissioning.